Comparing the Effect of Carbon Sources, Lactate and Whey, on Biological Reductive Dechlorination of TCE in Laboratory Flow Through Columns

........................................................................................................................................ iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 Hypothesis and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 4 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 6 Trichloroethylene ............................................................................................................................. 6 Trichloroethylene Remediation .................................................................................................... 10 Chemical, Physical and Thermal Treatments ......................................................................... 10 Bioremediation ........................................................................................................................... 13 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 31 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 33 Experimental Design ..................................................................................................................... 33 Column Construction .................................................................................................................... 35 Column Materials ....................................................................................................................... 35 Soil Preparation and Packing.................................................................................................... 35 Column Assembly and Operation ........................................................................................... 37 Feed Solutions ............................................................................................................................ 40 Bioaugmentation ........................................................................................................................ 42 Effluent and Sacrifice Sampling ................................................................................................... 43 Effluent Sampling Plan ............................................................................................................. 43 Sacrifice Sampling Plan ............................................................................................................. 44 Sampling and Analytical Methods ............................................................................................... 45 Water ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Gases ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Solids Processing ........................................................................................................................ 49 Mass Balance ............................................................................................................................... 52 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 52 viii Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 54 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 55 Column Effluent Results .............................................................................................................. 55 Soil Results of Each Sacrifice ....................................................................................................... 67 Microbiology ................................................................................................................................... 74 Redundancy Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 75 Rates ................................................................................................................................................. 78 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 83 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 86 ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................. 88 FUTURE STUDIES ......................................................................................................................... 90 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 91 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 101 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................. 102 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................. 105 Appendix C .................................................................................................................................. 106 Appendix D ................................................................................................................................. 107 Appendix E .................................................................................................................................. 116 Appendix F .................................................................................................................................. 121